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This study revisited the first national HIV surveillance survey among MSM in Brazil to estimate discrimination due to sexual orientation amongst MSM, and to analyze potential associated factors. In Brazil, according to the Secretary of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic, in 2012, there were around 27 notifications per day of homophobic incidents – and this is assumed to be underreported Although homosexuality is not illegal in Latin America and the Caribbean, discrimination is a serious problem Studies have underlined that stigma and discrimination are among the main contributing factors to the continuation of the epidemic among MSM, often creating barriers to prevention, testing, and treatment services for HIVĪnother aggravating factor is that homoerotic practices are deemed illegal in 78 countries in the world and, in five countries, are punishable by death Combined with a range of risk factors such as sex without condoms, the number of partners, and difficult access to health services and diverse forms of prevention (e.g., Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Post-Exposure Prevention), MSM are especially vulnerable in this epidemic In Brazil, the estimated prevalence of HIV infection between MSM above 18 years of age is around 14.2% (95%CI 12.1–16.6)Īmong the factors that contribute to the continuation of elevated HIV levels among MSM, social determinants are a stand out, reflecting discrimination and the inequality of social, economic, organizational, and political power for many MSM populations. The prevalence of HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) in various countries is disproportionately high